I only discovered the joys of Nascar Racing since 6 months ago (bought
NR2002 and got pay tv with Winston Cup coverage) so newbie question :
restrictor plates are supposed to bring down speed on superspeedways
but where are they located (under the car? at the back??), what is
their form and do they just work as wings (spoilers/airbrakes) or is
there something more technologically advanced at play???
greets,
How NASCAR restrictor plates work
A newcomer asked what restrictor plates are. Posters explained they are aluminium plates with four holes between the carburettor and intake manifold that reduce power, and noted Winston Cup still used carburettors and pushrod engines. The discussion moved to possible fuel injection and the history of Indy's stock-block boost rules.
real motorsport
Automated summary.
<[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:[email hidden]...
They block off part of the engine intake below the carburetor. Less air
gets into the engine, so less horespower is the result. It's just a $1
chunk of metal.
Quoted text (8 lines)
> I only discovered the joys of Nascar Racing since 6 months ago (bought > NR2002 and got pay tv with Winston Cup coverage) so newbie question : > restrictor plates are supposed to bring down speed on superspeedways > but where are they located (under the car? at the back??), what is > their form and do they just work as wings (spoilers/airbrakes) or is > there something more technologically advanced at play??? > > greets,A restrictor plate is a square aluminum plate that has four holes
drilled into it. Hole size is determined by NASCAR and varies between
0.875 inches and 1 inch (2.2 to 2.5 cm). Restrictor plates are placed
between the carburetor and the intake manifold to reduce the flow of
air and fuel into the engine's combustion chamber, thus reducing
horsepower and speed.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/nascar-safety2.htm
On Tue, 04 Mar 2003 09:19:20 GMT, [email hidden] wrote:
Quoted text (8 lines)
>I only discovered the joys of Nascar Racing since 6 months ago (bought >NR2002 and got pay tv with Winston Cup coverage) so newbie question : >restrictor plates are supposed to bring down speed on superspeedways >but where are they located (under the car? at the back??), what is >their form and do they just work as wings (spoilers/airbrakes) or is >there something more technologically advanced at play??? > >greets,
"Rich8" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:[email hidden]...
> 0.875 inches and 1 inch (2.2 to 2.5 cm). Restrictor plates are placed
> between the carburetor and the intake manifold to reduce the flow of
Carburetor????
Really? Injection is illegal?
--
Jone Tytlandsvik
http://tytlandsvik.no
Yes.
"Jone Tytlandsvik" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:b42arr$1hst2v$[email hidden]...
Quoted text (16 lines)
> > "Rich8" <[email hidden]> wrote in message > news:[email hidden]... > > > 0.875 inches and 1 inch (2.2 to 2.5 cm). Restrictor plates are placed > > between the carburetor and the intake manifold to reduce the flow of > > Carburetor???? > Really? Injection is illegal? > > -- > Jone Tytlandsvik > http://tytlandsvik.no > > >"Jone Tytlandsvik" <[email hidden]> wrote in news:b42arr$1hst2v$1@ID-
107013.news.dfncis.de:
Winston Cup is OLD SCHOOL. Not only do they use Carbs, they have
PUSHRODS as well. In fact, before Toyota was allowed to join in the truck
series, they had to produce a pushrod V8. Nascar granted them a waiver for
the Goodys Dash series(a low level series run by Nascar) so Toyota could
get some experience, they were the only car with overhead cams.
The old school is also why they still use a hand jack to raise the car
for pitstops and fuel cans instead of hoses. Of course these 'old
fashioned' engines are hand-built in multi-million dollar facilities with
the usual racing tolerances. BUT they can't have any exotic metals either.
dave henrie
Quoted text (16 lines)
> > "Rich8" <[email hidden]> wrote in message > news:[email hidden]... > >> 0.875 inches and 1 inch (2.2 to 2.5 cm). Restrictor plates are placed >> between the carburetor and the intake manifold to reduce the flow of > > Carburetor???? > Really? Injection is illegal? > > -- > Jone Tytlandsvik > http://tytlandsvik.no > > >>they have
>PUSHRODS as well
Hey, what's wrong with pushrods?
Racer X
Veteran Sim Racer
#4 Corvette C5-R in the GTIC
#24 Monte Carlo in the DORL
Victory Lane-
http://www.geocities.com/MotorCity/Speedway/1423/
"Target 12" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:[email hidden]...
> >they have
> >PUSHRODS as well
Didn't Penske / Mercedes / Ilmor smoke the field with a pushrod motor at
Indy by pushing the limits of the rules?
"Stephen F." <[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:[email hidden]...
IIRC it was more like taking advantage of the rules. I think they got to run
more boost (not exactly sure what "it" was) because of using pushrods.
Kind of like when you'd get a weight break for running an automatic
transmission in drag racing. Today the autos are preferred over rowing your
own.
MadDAWG
Quoted text (8 lines)
> > "Target 12" <[email hidden]> wrote in message > news:[email hidden]... > > >they have > > >PUSHRODS as well > > Didn't Penske / Mercedes / Ilmor smoke the field with a pushrod motor at > Indy by pushing the limits of the rules?Fuel Injection?
This is good-ol'-boy racing here, not F1 :)
Larry
"Jone Tytlandsvik" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:b42arr$1hst2v$[email hidden]...
Quoted text (16 lines)
> > "Rich8" <[email hidden]> wrote in message > news:[email hidden]... > > > 0.875 inches and 1 inch (2.2 to 2.5 cm). Restrictor plates are placed > > between the carburetor and the intake manifold to reduce the flow of > > Carburetor???? > Really? Injection is illegal? > > -- > Jone Tytlandsvik > http://tytlandsvik.no > > >I'll take the low-end grunt from a pushrod-V8 any day over the whiney-ass
neurotic horsepower that comes from OHC engines any day :)
But then again, I'm a truck guy...
-Larry
"Dave Henrie" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:[email hidden]...
for
> the Goodys Dash series(a low level series run by Nascar) so Toyota could
> get some experience, they were the only car with overhead cams.
> The old school is also why they still use a hand jack to raise the car
> for pitstops and fuel cans instead of hoses. Of course these 'old
> fashioned' engines are hand-built in multi-million dollar facilities with
> the usual racing tolerances. BUT they can't have any exotic metalseither.
> dave henrie
Quoted text (23 lines)
> "Jone Tytlandsvik" <[email hidden]> wrote in news:b42arr$1hst2v$1@ID- > 107013.news.dfncis.de: > > > > > "Rich8" <[email hidden]> wrote in message > > news:[email hidden]... > > > >> 0.875 inches and 1 inch (2.2 to 2.5 cm). Restrictor plates are placed > >> between the carburetor and the intake manifold to reduce the flow of > > > > Carburetor???? > > Really? Injection is illegal? > > > > -- > > Jone Tytlandsvik > > http://tytlandsvik.no > > > > > > > > Winston Cup is OLD SCHOOL. Not only do they use Carbs, they have > PUSHRODS as well. In fact, before Toyota was allowed to join in the truck > series, they had to produce a pushrod V8. Nascar granted them a waiverJust read an interview with one of the team owners the other day; can't
remember where or who, but he was saying he wished they'd go to a spec fuel
injection system since it more closely resembled "stock" cars of today and
could be tweaked by Nascar to keep the cars closer in the engine
compartment. But the flipside from Nascar was that it is easy and cheap to
police carb bores, etc., but once you got into electronic fuel systems you
were opening a Pandora's box for potential cheating and enforcement. I
think you'd see OHC before EFI, but with the rpms WC cars are turning, you
don't really need OHC.
Not much in common with modern cars, for sure - but as then as DW put it,
once they let Ford run the (4-door) Taurus with a Cup-spec body, "anything
goes".
SB
PS - Also saw something the other day where either Frank Williams or Ron
Dennis was giving Bernie and Max a dig by saying the electronic engine and
chassis management systems on modern passenger cars are far more
sophisticated than anything in F1. Of course they don't have any skin in
that game... ;-)
"Larry" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:gy59a.113102$[email hidden]...
Quoted text (26 lines)
> Fuel Injection? > > This is good-ol'-boy racing here, not F1 :) > > Larry > > "Jone Tytlandsvik" <[email hidden]> wrote in message > news:b42arr$1hst2v$[email hidden]... > > > > "Rich8" <[email hidden]> wrote in message > > news:[email hidden]... > > > > > 0.875 inches and 1 inch (2.2 to 2.5 cm). Restrictor plates are placed > > > between the carburetor and the intake manifold to reduce the flow of > > > > Carburetor???? > > Really? Injection is illegal? > > > > -- > > Jone Tytlandsvik > > http://tytlandsvik.no > > > > > > > >Fuel injection wouldn't work in Nascar.
Nascar would put a big-ass hand-crank valve on the top and have it sticking
out the hood so they could reach over and crank it down on any car that was
a lot faster than anyone elses :)
Larry
"Steve Blankenship" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:[email hidden]...
> Just read an interview with one of the team owners the other day; can't
> remember where or who, but he was saying he wished they'd go to a specfuel
> injection system since it more closely resembled "stock" cars of today and
> could be tweaked by Nascar to keep the cars closer in the engine
> compartment. But the flipside from Nascar was that it is easy and cheapto
placed
Quoted text (33 lines)
> police carb bores, etc., but once you got into electronic fuel systems you > were opening a Pandora's box for potential cheating and enforcement. I > think you'd see OHC before EFI, but with the rpms WC cars are turning, you > don't really need OHC. > > Not much in common with modern cars, for sure - but as then as DW put it, > once they let Ford run the (4-door) Taurus with a Cup-spec body, "anything > goes". > > SB > > PS - Also saw something the other day where either Frank Williams or Ron > Dennis was giving Bernie and Max a dig by saying the electronic engine and > chassis management systems on modern passenger cars are far more > sophisticated than anything in F1. Of course they don't have any skin in > that game... ;-) > > > "Larry" <[email hidden]> wrote in message > news:gy59a.113102$[email hidden]... > > Fuel Injection? > > > > This is good-ol'-boy racing here, not F1 :) > > > > Larry > > > > "Jone Tytlandsvik" <[email hidden]> wrote in message > > news:b42arr$1hst2v$[email hidden]... > > > > > > "Rich8" <[email hidden]> wrote in message > > > news:[email hidden]... > > > > > > > 0.875 inches and 1 inch (2.2 to 2.5 cm). Restrictor plates areQuoted text (15 lines)
> > > > between the carburetor and the intake manifold to reduce the flow of > > > > > > Carburetor???? > > > Really? Injection is illegal? > > > > > > -- > > > Jone Tytlandsvik > > > http://tytlandsvik.no > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >It was Robert Yates who wants Nascar to move to fuel injection. Ford
and Toyota also want fuel injection. So Larry you might have this
down the road, I wouldn't be suprised if it happens within 3 years.
On Tue, 4 Mar 2003 14:12:19 -0500, "Steve Blankenship"
<[email hidden]> wrote:
Quoted text (21 lines)
>Just read an interview with one of the team owners the other day; can't >remember where or who, but he was saying he wished they'd go to a spec fuel >injection system since it more closely resembled "stock" cars of today and >could be tweaked by Nascar to keep the cars closer in the engine >compartment. But the flipside from Nascar was that it is easy and cheap to >police carb bores, etc., but once you got into electronic fuel systems you >were opening a Pandora's box for potential cheating and enforcement. I >think you'd see OHC before EFI, but with the rpms WC cars are turning, you >don't really need OHC. > >Not much in common with modern cars, for sure - but as then as DW put it, >once they let Ford run the (4-door) Taurus with a Cup-spec body, "anything >goes". > >SB > >> > >> >> >It would certainly be interesting...
The ways one could cheat would be limitless, especially at 'plate' tracks.
Speaking of which, that would be one hell of a restrictor plate, wouldn't it
:)
Larry
<[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:[email hidden]...
fuel
> >injection system since it more closely resembled "stock" cars of todayand
> >could be tweaked by Nascar to keep the cars closer in the engine
> >compartment. But the flipside from Nascar was that it is easy and cheapto
> >police carb bores, etc., but once you got into electronic fuel systemsyou
> >were opening a Pandora's box for potential cheating and enforcement. I
> >think you'd see OHC before EFI, but with the rpms WC cars are turning,you
> >don't really need OHC.
> >
> >Not much in common with modern cars, for sure - but as then as DW put it,
> >once they let Ford run the (4-door) Taurus with a Cup-spec body,"anything
Quoted text (11 lines)
> It was Robert Yates who wants Nascar to move to fuel injection. Ford > and Toyota also want fuel injection. So Larry you might have this > down the road, I wouldn't be suprised if it happens within 3 years. > > > > On Tue, 4 Mar 2003 14:12:19 -0500, "Steve Blankenship" > <[email hidden]> wrote: > > >Just read an interview with one of the team owners the other day; can't > >remember where or who, but he was saying he wished they'd go to a specQuoted text (10 lines)
> >goes". > > > >SB > > > > >> > > >> > >> > > >The only way I see EFI working effectively is if NASCAR provides spec
modules during inspection like they do with the restrictor plates.
db
"Larry" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:ZA79a.114013$[email hidden]...
> It would certainly be interesting...
>
> The ways one could cheat would be limitless, especially at 'plate' tracks.
>
> Speaking of which, that would be one hell of a restrictor plate, wouldn'tit
cheap
it,
Quoted text (22 lines)
> :) > > Larry > > <[email hidden]> wrote in message > news:[email hidden]... > > It was Robert Yates who wants Nascar to move to fuel injection. Ford > > and Toyota also want fuel injection. So Larry you might have this > > down the road, I wouldn't be suprised if it happens within 3 years. > > > > > > > > On Tue, 4 Mar 2003 14:12:19 -0500, "Steve Blankenship" > > <[email hidden]> wrote: > > > > >Just read an interview with one of the team owners the other day; can't > > >remember where or who, but he was saying he wished they'd go to a spec > fuel > > >injection system since it more closely resembled "stock" cars of today > and > > >could be tweaked by Nascar to keep the cars closer in the engine > > >compartment. But the flipside from Nascar was that it is easy andQuoted text (9 lines)
> to > > >police carb bores, etc., but once you got into electronic fuel systems > you > > >were opening a Pandora's box for potential cheating and enforcement. I > > >think you'd see OHC before EFI, but with the rpms WC cars are turning, > you > > >don't really need OHC. > > > > > >Not much in common with modern cars, for sure - but as then as DW putQuoted text (14 lines)
> > >once they let Ford run the (4-door) Taurus with a Cup-spec body, > "anything > > >goes". > > > > > >SB > > > > > > > >> > > > >> > > >> > > > > > > >"Stephen F." <[email hidden]> wrote in
news:[email hidden]:
The rule was originally written for the benefit of one man, John
Mennard. He was a friend of Satan's son(the IRL founder) and couldn't get
his stock block v6's to run fast enough to compete with the Ford's and
Illmor's. So the despicable one wrote rules to allow Mennard enough extra
umph to compete, actually overcompete, with the purebred racing engines.
Penkse went through the rules and found a very very very large loophole and
went out and blew away the field.
Now what was the fallout of this?
A) Penkse was so pleased with his new motor he planned on running it for
the rest of the CART season and into the next year. Ilmor, knowing they
had the engine to beat, began a full scale program to build plenty more of
these engines when the other teams came calling.
B) CART restricted the use of the stock block engines, so Penske had to
return to the regular Ilmors.
C) Ilmor was so heavily invested financially in the new block program they
could not properly maintain the pre-existing engine's research and
development. For the next several years the Ilmor powerplant lost more and
more ground to the Honda's and Fords...only one other season after this did
the Ilmor compete effectively for the Manufactuer's cup. In fact, the F1
program also suffered at this time.
D) Satan's ill-conceived child rewarded Penkse's team the very next year
for flaunting his stockblock rule. For some reason the team that had won
Indy a record # of times, the team that had tested in cold weather 3 months
earlier and set very fast times, couldn't find any speed in May. If they
ran high downforce they were too slow, if they trimmed out the cars the
popoff valves(100% supplied and controlled by the Devils Spawn's track
sanctioning team) would blow and kill their speed. Even when Penkse
borrowed cars from Team Rahal, a team that had easily qualified, they still
could not make the field.
E) the child of the Devil knew his friend John Mennard couldn't
financially compete with the top CART teams so he created the irl to keep
the Penkse's of the world at bay.(until such time he needed big names to
keep his underglamorized series afloat) He then made Team Mennard the
official test team of the irl and provided them with over a 1000 laps at
the brickyard to test tires, tubs, engines and trannies. Mennard's team,
with the best remaining driver: a kid named Tony Stewart..failed to finish
the majority of the irl's first season despite this huge testing
adavantage. Many of the irl's teams arrived at the Disneyworld race with
zero test laps.
Here endeth the lesson, told without rancor or prejuidice, strictly the
facts.
dave henrie
Quoted text (11 lines)
> > "Target 12" <[email hidden]> wrote in message > news:[email hidden]... >> >they have >> >PUSHRODS as well > > Didn't Penske / Mercedes / Ilmor smoke the field with a pushrod motor at > Indy by pushing the limits of the rules? > > >
Dave Henrie wrote:
>
> Here endeth the lesson, told without rancor or prejuidice, strictly the
> facts.
Uh huh.....
Beers and cheers
(uncle) Goy
"goyl at nettx dot no"
http://www.theuspits.com
"A man is only as old as the woman he feels........"
--Groucho Marx--
"Goy Larsen" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:[email hidden]...
>
>
> Dave Henrie wrote:
> >
> > Here endeth the lesson, told without rancor or prejuidice, strictlythe
> > facts.
>
> Uh huh.....
>
Seems to be pretty much the way I remember things....
Especially the Devil Spawn stuff ;D
db
Dave Boyle wrote:
>
> Seems to be pretty much the way I remember things....
> Especially the Devil Spawn stuff ;D
Although I don't doubt most of the "facts" for a second, I do somehow
and for some strange reason doubt DH's ability to talk about this
"without rancor or prejudice"
Beers and cheers
(uncle) Goy
"goyl at nettx dot no"
http://www.theuspits.com
"A man is only as old as the woman he feels........"
--Groucho Marx--
<[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:[email hidden]...
> I only discovered the joys of Nascar Racing since 6 months ago (bought
> NR2002 and got pay tv with Winston Cup coverage) so newbie question :
> restrictor plates are supposed to bring down speed on superspeedways
> but where are they located (under the car? at the back??), what is
> their form and do they just work as wings (spoilers/airbrakes) or is
> there something more technologically advanced at play???
Restrictor plates restricts the amount of the air going into the engine.
--KC
"Larry" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:ZA79a.114013$[email hidden]...
> It would certainly be interesting...
>
> The ways one could cheat would be limitless, especially at 'plate' tracks.
>
> Speaking of which, that would be one hell of a restrictor plate, wouldn'tit
> :)
>
No problem. Just make them use Bosch K-jetronic from a 1970s era VW. It
was almost purely mechanical (and fun to work on). Not much cheating
without a computer.
Stephen
"Larry" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:Yz59a.113119$[email hidden]...
> I'll take the low-end grunt from a pushrod-V8 any day over the whiney-ass
> neurotic horsepower that comes from OHC engines any day :)
>
> But then again, I'm a truck guy...
>
Personally, I'll take the low-end grunt of a BMW DOHC V8, coupled with the
top-end rush of a BMW DOHC V8. :-)
Iron fist in a velvet glove...
Now, if it's low end grunt you want, just put us all in big diesels. They
have enough torque to pull a house over.
Thanks to all for clarifying those tech details. I think that F1 could
do with some of that "old school stuff". Would spice up things a
bit...
greetings,
On Tue, 04 Mar 2003 09:19:20 GMT, [email hidden] wrote:
Quoted text (8 lines)
>I only discovered the joys of Nascar Racing since 6 months ago (bought >NR2002 and got pay tv with Winston Cup coverage) so newbie question : >restrictor plates are supposed to bring down speed on superspeedways >but where are they located (under the car? at the back??), what is >their form and do they just work as wings (spoilers/airbrakes) or is >there something more technologically advanced at play??? > >greets,They would then be called restrictor chip racing.
MadDAWG
I'm love Diesels too.
Unfortunately GM killed the Diesels reputation in the late 70's/early 80's
by using a converted gas engine passed off as a true diesel. The US
Consumer has never forgotten that.
There are signs of hope, though.
One of my former customers (back in a previous life when I was an auto
mechanic), who himself was a former Secretary Of The Navy, had one of the
Olds models. We saw it a lot. If I remember correctly, he was a great
tipper :)
Larry
"Stephen F." <[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:3e65aed1$[email hidden]...
>
> "Larry" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
> news:Yz59a.113119$[email hidden]...
> > I'll take the low-end grunt from a pushrod-V8 any day over thewhiney-ass
Quoted text (15 lines)
> > neurotic horsepower that comes from OHC engines any day :) > > > > But then again, I'm a truck guy... > > > > Personally, I'll take the low-end grunt of a BMW DOHC V8, coupled with the > top-end rush of a BMW DOHC V8. :-) > > Iron fist in a velvet glove... > > Now, if it's low end grunt you want, just put us all in big diesels. They > have enough torque to pull a house over. > > >Dave Henrie wrote:
>
> The rule was originally written for the benefit of one man, John
> Mennard.
Take your CART goggles off, Dave...
The Buicks had more boost than the 2.65 racing engines for **years**
before *Menard* took the program over. IIRC, TG relaxed the rules to
encourage more mfr's to produce "stock block" engines. Ilmor took
advantage.
> A) Penkse was so pleased with his new motor he planned on running it for
> the rest of the CART season and into the next year. Ilmor, knowing they
> had the engine to beat, began a full scale program to build plenty more of
> these engines when the other teams came calling.
I don't recall a full CART campaign ever being a goal of the program.
Just building upon the success of Indy '94 for 1995, until that got shot
down when TG lowered the boost.
> B) CART restricted the use of the stock block engines, so Penske had to
> return to the regular Ilmors.
That had been in place in CART for years beforehand. Witness the
distinct lack of Buicks outside of Indy.
> E) the child of the Devil knew his friend John Mennard couldn't
> financially compete with the top CART teams so he created the irl to keep
> the Penkse's of the world at bay.
TG created the IRL solely as a playground for John Menard? You're
reaching, Dave. If they were so chummy, I'd reckon John's son Paul
would be racing in the IPS or IRL instead of Trans-Am (and Grand-Am and
regional stock car series before that).
The IRL is more about TG taking his ball and going home after getting
his CART psuedo-takeover plan laughed out of a CART board meeting in
~'91-'92. One might note that this is also about the time TG got
serious about bringing NASCAR to town.
Many of the irl's teams arrived at the Disneyworld race with
> zero test laps.
So? Most had their resources stretched to the limit just to get a shot
at Indy/Indy Car Racing.
Fittipaldi/Dingman showed up at St. Pete with nothing more than a couple
shakedown days at Road Atlanta. I'm sure other CART upstarts ran St.
Pete on little to no testing.
> Here endeth the lesson, told without rancor or prejuidice, strictly the
> facts.
Nice touch of irony. ;)
It would've been much, much simpler to post, "I like CART, but not the
IRL." :)
-jde
1979 was the first year that the stock blocks (pushrod motors) were allowed an
extra 10 inches of boost. (58 vs 48) Tony George was 18 at the time and didn't
have a thing to do with it.. The rule was placed in effect to allow low budget
teams to compete in the 500. Although the boost limits changed over the years,
it was always 10 inches more for the stockblocks.
Since CART would not allow the higher boost ratings in their rules, the pushrod
motors were used only at Indy.
Penske, with more money than God and the contacts to boot, bastardized the rule
to his advantage. Legal? Certainly, no question about it, I won't argue that
point. But truly, IMHO, it went against the spirit in which the rule was
written.
I was smiling from ear to ear when they didnt make the field the following
year.
Mike
"J.D. Ellis"
Yeah...so? LOL!
dave henrie
Quoted text (12 lines)
> >> Here endeth the lesson, told without rancor or prejuidice, strictly >> the >> facts. > > Nice touch of irony. ;) > > It would've been much, much simpler to post, "I like CART, but not the > IRL." :) > > -jde >Goy Larsen
What? You don't think that my personal contempt for all things related
to that whining-syncophant-silver-spoon-in-his-mouth-got-his-money-from-
his-mama's-back-pissant-step-son of Tony Hulman would color my
observations? Naw I'm completely neutral in all reporting...I'm pretty
sure of that...
:)
dave henrie


































